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wide proportional-nums">9/22/2026 We need pioneering teams for whom speed is everything. Teams that make tomorrow’s chip development as effortless as today’s software engineering. Apply by November 30, 2026. View challenge <di
DARPA I2O BAA — Fighting in the Information Domain (Cognitive & Semantic Operations)
The I2O BAA covers four thrust areas with 'Fighting in the Information Domain' directly addressing cognitive warfare and information operations: cognitive and semantic operations, digital artifact tracking (deepfake and synthetic media forensics), adversarial influence, and transport mechanisms. The BAA explicitly seeks 'unconventional approaches capable of delivering decisive information and computational advantage.' Rolling abstract submissions required before invitation to full proposal. Temporarily paused May–August 2026 for strategic realignment; expected to reopen August 2026.
Accelerating Scale-up and Pre-piloting of Emerging Chemical Technologies (ASPECT)
DOE CMEI is dedicated to securing America’s energy future by reinforcing domestic critical mineral supply chains, driving next-generation energy technology and manufacturing research, and promoting affordable, consumer-friendly solutions. CMEI’s AFFO is issuing this ASPECT NOFO, DE-FOA-0003647, to support research, development, and pre-pilot testing of innovative technologies that produce chemicals from alternative and waste feedstocks, mobilizing America’s abundant alternative feedstocks resources. The goal of this Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) is to advance promising chemical technologies that utilize alternative feedstocks through multiple levels of maturity and, in some cases, to pre-pilot scale. To accomplish this, the NOFO is divided into two topic areas, each divided into two subtopic areas designed to provide different on-ramps for technologies at different stages of development. Topic Area 1 supports the progression of technologies in the R&D phase. Subtopic Area 1a supports advancing early-stage research to bench scale. Subtopic Area 1b is intended to move projects closer to pre-pilot scale, to a point where critical unit operations must be further developed and demonstrated. Topic Area 2 provides an on-ramp for technologies ready to move from R&D to full pre-pilot scale and operations. Projects applying to Topic Area 2 should aim to advance their technology to design, construct, and operate pre-pilot scale facilities. Both subtopic areas have the same goal—to move technologies into integrated pre-pilot systems and operate them—but allow for two different points of entry. Subtopic Area 2a targets preliminary pre-pilot scale testing of critical unit operations before engineering and design can commence for the entire system while Subtopic Area 2b projects will involve technologies that are ready for design and construction of an integrated pre-pilot facility. Please see the full NOFO document at eere-exchange.energy.gov. Questions regarding t
The Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation (SMART) Scholarship for Service Program Cooperative Agreement
The Department of War (DoW) seeks innovative applications to cooperatively partner with eligible entities in the implementation and execution of the SMART Scholarship-for-Service Program. The Department intends to award ONE (1) CA award, with a maximum award of up to $1,300M over a ten-year period of performance. The National Defense Education Program (NDEP) supports the Department's priorities to improve lethality, warfighting, and readiness by developing America’s future technical workforce poised to create advanced technologies, tools, and capabilities necessary to ensure the United States (U.S.) military remains the most powerful and advanced, capable of deterring adversaries and protecting American interests at home and abroad. NDEP is executed by OUSW(R&E) and ensures the Department’s ability to develop and access high-quality science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) talent vital to addressing key areas of national defense and supporting the warfighter. NDEP activities provide authentic DoW-relevant learning experiences through a variety of DoW STEM initiatives in the form of scholarships, internships, enrichment activities, project/research-based competitions, and mentorships. One of the main NDEP efforts in addressing talent development and recruitment is through the SMART Program, pursuant to Section 4093 of Title 10, United States Code (U.S.C.). The SMART Program enables the Department to transform its STEM workforce while addressing near-term workforce demands. Per 10 U.S.C. 4093, the SMART program awards highly competitive scholarships for undergraduate and graduate degrees in any of the 22 STEM academic disciplines critical to national security. Upon graduation, and subject to DoW component requirements, scholars may be considered for a one-for-one employment service commitment within the DoW Civilian workforce. SMART scholars perform many aspects of the national security mission including science and technology, research and develo
ROSES 2025: D.4 Theoretical and Computational Astrophysics Networks
PLEASE NOTE: this program has MANDATORY Notices of Intent, which are due via NSPIRES by October 15, 2026. See the full posting on NSPIRES for details. NOTICE: Amended August 31, 2026. This amendment releases the final text for this program element, which was previously TBD. Mandatory NOIs are due October 15, 2026, and proposals are due December 3, 2026. There are several major changes since the prior (2022) opportunity, so proposers please read carefully. This program will evaluate proposals using an enhanced dual-anonymous peer review, see Section 5 and the associated "Guidelines for Proposers to ROSES DAPR Programs" document under "Other Documents" on the right side of this NSPIRES page. This synopsis is a generic summary that is posted for each of the many individual "program elements" in NASA’s Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) – 2025 solicitation. For specific information on this particular program element download and read the PDF of the text of this program element by going to Tables 2 or 3 of ROSES at https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table2 and https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table3, respectively, click the title of the program element of interest, a hypertext link will take you to a page for that particular program element. On that page, on the right side under "Announcement Documents" the link on the bottom will be to the PDF of the text of the call for proposals. For example, if one were interested in the Solar System Science program (NNH25ZDA001N-SCUBED) one would follow the link to the NSPIRES page for that program element and then to read the text of the call one would click on “C.2 Solar System Science (.pdf)” to download the text of the call. If one wanted to set it into the context of the goals, objectives and know the default rules for all elements within Appendix C, the planetary science division, one might download and read “C.1 Planetary Science Research Program Overview (.pdf)” from
Air Force Fiscal Year 2027 Young Investigator Program (YIP)
This is a special Notice of Funding Opportunity Announcement (NOFO) sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), which will hereafter generally be referred to as “we”, “us”, “our”, or “AFOSR.” The Fiscal Year 2027 Air Force Young Investigator Research Program (YIP) intends to support individual early career scientists and engineers who have received their Ph.D. or equivalent degrees by 01 April 2019 or later showing exceptional ability and promise for conducting basic research. The program objective is to foster creative basic research in science and engineering; enhance early career development of outstanding young investigators; and increase opportunities for the young investigators to recognize the Air Force and Space Force mission and related challenges in science and engineering. Individual awards are made to U.S. institutions of higher education, industrial laboratories, for- profit, or non-profit research organizations where the principal investigator (PI) is employed on a full-time basis and holds a regular, non-contractor position. A YIP PI must be a U.S. citizen, national, or permanent resident. Researchers working at a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), or a Department of War (DoW) Laboratory are not eligible for this competition. YIP awards are funded up to $150,000 per year for three years, for a total of $450,000. No single year may exceed $150,000. Please review the remainder of this announcement for additional information. Under this competition, an anticipated thirty-seven (37) traditionally funded YIPs and three (3) YIPs funded in partnership with the Laboratory for Physical Sciences (LPS) in the Quantum Information Sciences research discipline may be awarded. There may be potential for an additional 37 YIPs funded from other AFOSR research funding. All actions are based on the availability of funds. Proposers are encouraged to confer with the designated AFOSR Program Officer(s) prior to submitting a
ROSES 2025: A.16 Cryosphere
PLEASE NOTE: this program has MANDATORY Notices of Intent, which are due via NSPIRES by October 16, 2026. See the full posting on NSPIRES for details. NOTICE: Amended September 1, 2026. This amendment adds this new program element to ROSES-2025. Mandatory Notices of Intent (see Section 4) are due by October 16, 2026, and proposals are due December 4, 2026. Any proposal not preceded by an on-time Notice of Intent (NOI) will be returned without review. The length of the S/T/M section is limited to 12 pages. A briefing for proposers to this program element will occur approximately 6 weeks before the proposal due date. Teleconference information will be posted under "other documents" on the NSPIRES page for this program element. Proposers are strongly encouraged to use the optional Earth Science Division template for the required summary table of work effort, see https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/templates-for-earth-science-division-appendix-a-roses-proposals. Proposals submitted to this program will be evaluated using dual anonymous peer review, see Section 5.2. This synopsis is a generic summary that is posted for each of the many individual "program elements" in NASA’s Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) – 2025 solicitation. For specific information on this particular program element download and read the PDF of the text of this program element by going to Tables 2 or 3 of ROSES at https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table2 and https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table3, respectively, click the title of the program element of interest, a hypertext link will take you to a page for that particular program element. On that page, on the right side under "Announcement Documents" the link on the bottom will be to the PDF of the text of the call for proposals. For example, if one were interested in the Solar System Science program (NNH25ZDA001N-SCUBED) one would follow the link to the NSPIRES page for that prog
Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute Cooperative Agreement Notice-5 (SSERVI CAN-5)
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate (SMD) and Human Spaceflight Mission Directorate (HSMD) have released the fifth Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) Cooperative Agreement Notice (CAN-5) as NNH26ZDA016C. SSERVI CAN-5 (NNH26ZDA016C) invites the submission of multi-institutional team-based proposals for research as participating members of the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI). Proposals must clearly articulate an innovative research program addressing basic and/or applied research fundamental to understanding the nature of the Moon and its near space environment to enable future human exploration of the Moon with Artemis. “Mars forward” proposals that use lunar-focused research to develop approaches to Mars exploration also are welcome. Though the SSERVI CAN is synopsized on Grants.gov, applications can only be submitted via NASA Solicitation and Proposal Integrated Review and Evaluation System (NSPIRES) at URL https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/NNH26ZDA016C. A two-step process will be used for proposal submission, in which only proposers that submit a Step-1 proposal will be eligible to submit a Step-2 proposal. Step-1 proposals are due September 29, 2026, and Step-2 proposals are due December 4, 2026. Proposals to this CAN must be anonymous and will be reviewed using dual anonymous peer review (DAPR). Step-2 (full) proposals will be divided into two Volumes. Volume A consists of the anonymous proposal material, while Volume B contains the non-anonymous material. Proposal review, selection, and award will be implemented according to the guidelines set forth in Sections F and G of the funding announcement. Proposed research that complements current CAN-4 Institute Teams, and/or addresses important research areas not currently covered in the Institute will be given strong consideration (see: http://sservi.nasa.gov/sserviteams/). Section D.1.4 “Step-2 Proposal Conte
Silcon Carbide Cladding Lead Test Rod Development-Phase 1
Silcon Carbide Cladding Lead Test Rod Development-Phase 1 Research, development, and fabrication of Silicon Carbide cladding specimens for research reactor insertion, irradiation, and post-irradiation examinations by 2030. The objective of this program is to advance the scientific and technological maturity of silicon carbide cladding for nuclear fuel rods for future use in commercial light water reactors.
Intrinsic Market Resilience
The IMR program aims to develop repair methods to protect essential economic sectors against devastating attacks that exploit the public interfaces of modern markets. | See Program
IUSE: Innovation in Two-Year College STEM Education (ITYC)
The National Science Foundation (NSF) plays a prominent role in the improvement of undergraduate STEM education at the Nation’s colleges and universities. Through the IUSE: Innovation in Two-Year College STEM Education (ITYC) program, the agency seeks to extend this effort by making an intentional investment in the country’s two-year institutions of higher education, or two-year colleges. The twin goals of the ITYC program are to (1) center students in the effort to advance innovation and promote success in STEM education at two-year colleges, and (2) enhance the capacity of two-year colleges to harness the talent and potential of their student and faculty populations through innovative disciplinary, multi-department, and college-wide efforts. These goals will be achieved by investing in projects at two-year colleges that contribute to student success in STEM-based foundational courses and academic pathways for both majors and non-majors. Project activities may be in any discipline that is currently supported by NSF funding, which includes the social, behavioral, and economic sciences. Collectively, projects in the ITYC program will make progress towards ensuring that two-year college students and faculty have the resources to participate in and contribute to the broader STEM enterprise. Aligned with the goals above, the ITYC program features two tracks: (1) A Focus on the Academic Experiences of Two-Year College Students and (2) Leveraging Two-Year College Strengths and Innovation. Each Track can support projects requesting up to $500,000 for a duration of up to three years. For institutions that have not received NSF funding in the past five years, an additional $100,000 may be added to the budget which may be used by the institution to support and carry out grant-funded activities over four years. This would result in a total maximum budget of $600,000 for a project over four years. Institutions that have been funded as part of a collaborative
Liquid Surge
DSO is issuing a Disruption Opportunity (DO) in the technical domain of developing novel metrology for understanding wave propagation in compressible fluids. | See DO
Ontwikkelen van projecten voor mogelijke toekomstige Europese defensieprojecten van gemeenschappelijk belang en opstellen van de routekaart voor de uitvoering ervan
Verwacht effect: Gefinancierde acties zullen naar verwachting de voorbereiding en indiening van solide projectvoorstellen voor een mogelijk EDPCI ondersteunen als onderdeel van de volgende oproep tot het indienen van blijken van belangstelling in de loop van 2027 en als input dienen voor de besprekingen van het programmacomité over de programmering van het desbetreffende voorgestelde EU-programma in het kader van het volgende meerjarig financieel kader. Zij moeten daarom uiterlijk eind 2027 een eerste uitvoeringsroutekaart opstellen met betrekking tot de activiteiten die tussen 2028 en 2030 van start moeten gaan, en uiterlijk eind 2030 de definitieve uitvoeringsroutekaart met betrekking tot de activiteiten die tot 2034 van start moeten gaan. Het resultaat van de gefinancierde acties zal de Commissie er niet toe verplichten voor te stellen het project als een EDPCI aan te merken en evenmin de verwachte EU-bijdrage te leveren in het kader van het volgende meerjarig financieel kader 2028-2034. Doelstelling: Dit onderwerp is bedoeld ter ondersteuning van de ontwikkeling van samenwerkingsprojecten met het oog op mogelijke toekomstige Europese defensieprojecten van gemeenschappelijk belang (EDPCI’s) en de voorbereiding van de routekaart voor de uitvoering ervan voor de periode 2028-2034. Toepassingsgebied: De actie is gericht op het ontwikkelen van samenwerkingsprojecten met het oog op mogelijke toekomstige Europese defensieprojecten van gemeenschappelijk belang en op het uitvoeren van alle voorbereidende activiteiten die nodig zijn voorafgaand aan de mogelijke uitvoering van het project tijdens het volgende meerjarig financieel kader (2028-2034). De Commissie overweegt een totale begroting van 13 500 000 EUR voor deze oproep tot het indienen van voorstellen. De maximale EU-bijdrage per gefinancierd project zal niet meer bedragen dan 3 375 000 EUR, zodat verschillende voorstellen kunnen worden gefinancierd.
Digital Investigations
Expected Impact: Projects selected under this call for proposals should aim to achieve one or more of the following outcomes in the field of countering cybercrime and supporting digital investigations: - increasing operational capacity and capabilities of law enforcement and/or judicial authorities, - increasing the availability of technical tools for law enforcement, - increasing awareness on best practices and available solutions as well as building synergies amongst relevant stakeholders will be an asset Objective: (1) developing capacity and expertise of law enforcement and judicial authorities; (2) contributing to the implementation of EU law and strategic documents; (3) fostering cross-border cooperation between law enforcement/judicial authorities and private entities. Scope: Proposals should focus on: • Enhancing the operational capacity of law enforcement and/or judicial authorities to investigate cyber-attacks and cyber enabled crime, for instance through specific training, investigative techniques and tools (including for) with a focus on top threat priorities (excluding online child sexual abuse, which is covered by specific calls for proposals) as presented in Europol Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment 2025. Areas that have been identified by EU Member States as needing particular attention include: digital forensics (mobile forensics, computer forensics, network forensics, IoT forensics including automotive forensics, cloud forensics), visual data analysis, malware analysis and reverse engineering capabilities, cryptocurrencies tracing, identifying and disrupting criminal infrastructures, analysis and seizure, efficient storage, processing, analysis and transfer of big data and large datasets, understanding and exploiting “threat intelligence” and metadata, OSINT, crime involving the use of AI by offenders. • Enhancing the operational capabilities of law enforcement and/or judicial authorities to address the challenges posed by the use of encryption by criminals and its impact on criminal investigations, for instance through training and/or by supporting the establishment, extension and development of points of expertise and their networking at EU level or supporting the development of a toolbox of alternative investigation techniques to obtain needed information encrypted by criminals (with the exclusion of measures that could weaken encryption in general or could have an impact on a larger or indiscriminate number of people) • Enhancing the capabilities of law enforcement and/or judicial authorities through the use and/or adaptation of Large Language Models and AI-based solutions to improve analysis, translation, transcription of data as well as detection of AI materials generated for criminal pruposes. • Enhancing the operational capacity of law enforcement and/or judicial authorities to cooperate across borders, for instance supporting the gathering and provision of digital evidence, supporting the secondment of officials, improving the efficiency of 24/7 (permanent) law enforcement contact points for cybercrime, establishment of dedicated platforms • Enhancing the cooperation between private entities and/or authorities in the area of cybersecurity and law enforcement and/or judicial authorities, taking remedial action, including by setting of appropriate information exchange systems (or interfaces to make better use of existing systems) • Increasing and enhancing reporting of cybercrime to law enforcement authorities
Standardisation
Expected Impact: Projects selected under this call for proposals should aim to achieve one or more of the following outcomes in the field of standardisation supporting digital investigations: • structure and enhance security practitioners contribution in standardisation processes, • increase awareness and build synergies amongst relevant stakeholders • nurture a sustainable EU approach for standardisation in the field of digital investigations. Objective: (1) developing capacity and expertise of law enforcement and judicial authorities; (2) contributing to the implementation of EU law; (3) fostering cross-border cooperation between law enforcement/judicial authorities and private entities. Scope: Proposals should focus on: • Providing an analysis of the areas where standardisation for security is needed • Relevant standardisation activities to enhance the operational capacity of law enforcement and/or judicial authorities to address the challenges posed in identified areas, notably 6G and Internet based communication, digital forensics, vehicles forensics and Artificial Intelligence. • Raising awareness and supporting participation of security practitioners in relevant standardisation processes • Pooling resources in Member States to ensure effective participation in relevant standardisation processes • Designing and developing (in cooperation with the European Cybercrime Training and Education Group, when relevant), delivering and providing access to training to enhance the effectiveness of security practitioners participating in relevant standardisation processes. • Providing expertise to support the participation of security practitioners in relevant standardisation processes through studies and advice. • Reflecting on sustainable mechanisms to support an EU approach on standardisation for digital investigation. Areas where EU legislative initiatives would benefit from further standardisation activities.
ROSES 2025: A.4 Rapid Response and Novel Research in Earth Science
This program element does not have a proposal due date. Proposals may be submitted at any time, pending certain eligibility timing issues related to resubmissions and duplicate proposal avoidance, see the program element text and appropriate overview appendix (e.g., B.1 or C.1). The date shown of 8/31/2026 is the last day that proposals may be submitted subject to the ROSES-25 rules and the current GCAM. The ROSES-26 version of this program element is planned to overlap with this ROSES-25 version by a few weeks, allowing continuous submission of proposals across ROSES years. NOTICE: Research security training required starting August 5, 2026. All PIs and any Co-Is that would spend ≥ 10% time on a proposed grants or cooperative agreements must certify they have taken research security training. NASA will be satisfied with the four online research security training modules on the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Research Security Training website at https://www.nsf.gov/research-security/training or the SECURE Center condensed version of the four modules at https://www.secure-center.org/ctm NOTICE: Amended July 2, 2026. This amendment defers the close date for this program element to the end of the calendar year by which the next ROSES with the next RRNES will have been released. NOTICE: March 30, 2026. A new requirement has been added to Section 1 and the point of contact for the NASA flight request system in Section 5.1.1 has been updated. New text is in bold and deleted text is struck through. NOTICE: Amended, January 22, 2026. The last date for submission of proposals in Section 6 has been updated to reflect that ROSES-25 rolling submissions will be open through August 2026. Also, the points of contact have been updated. New text is in bold and deleted text is struck through. NOTICE: Amended September 22, 2025. This amendment announces that those proposing to Earth Science (ROSES Appendix A) to use the NASA Center for Climate Simul
Young Faculty Award (YFA) 2027
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Young Faculty Award (YFA) program aims to identify and engage rising stars in junior research positions in academia and equivalent positions at non-profit research institutions, particularly those without prior DARPA funding, to expose them to Department of War (DoW) needs and DARPA’s mission to create and prevent technological surprise for national security. The YFA program provides high-impact funding to researchers early in their careers to develop innovative new research that enables transformative DoW capabilities. Ultimately, the YFA program developes the next generation of researchers focused on national security issues. All responsible sources capable of satisfying the Government's needs may submit a proposal that shall be considered by DARPA. See the Eligibility Information section of the BAA for more information.
ROSES 2025: A.18 Geosphere
PLEASE NOTE: this program has MANDATORY Notices of Intent, which are due via NSPIRES by 11/16/2026. See the full posting on NSPIRES for details. This synopsis is a generic summary that is posted for each of the many individual "program elements" in NASA’s Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) – 2025 solicitation. For specific information on this particular program element download and read the PDF of the text of this program element by going to Tables 2 or 3 of ROSES at https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table2 and https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table3, respectively, click the title of the program element of interest, a hypertext link will take you to a page for that particular program element. On that page, on the right side under "Announcement Documents" the link on the bottom will be to the PDF of the text of the call for proposals. For example, if one were interested in the Solar System Science program (NNH25ZDA001N-SCUBED) one would follow the link to the NSPIRES page for that program element and then to read the text of the call one would click on “C.2 Solar System Science (.pdf)” to download the text of the call. If one wanted to set it into the context of the goals, objectives and know the default rules for all elements within Appendix C, the planetary science division, one might download and read “C.1 Planetary Science Research Program Overview (.pdf)” from that same page. While the letters and numbers are different for each element within ROSES (A.10, B.3, etc.) the basic configuration is always the same, e.g., the letter indicates the Science Division (A is Earth Science, B is Heliophysics etc.) and whatever the letter, #1 is always the division overview. In 2025, most program elements will be set up for application via Grants.gov only if requested at least 30 days in advance of the due date. For more on Grants.gov submissions see Section IV(b)v of the ROSES Summary of Solicitation, that may be found at
NOI: PROSPECT Program: Providing Opportunities for Specialized Education in Critical Technologies
The U.S Department of Energy (DOE)’s Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation (CMEI) intends to establish, on behalf of the Analysis and Strategy Office (ASO), the PROSPECT Program—Providing Opportunities for Specialized Education in Critical Technologies—and anticipates investing up to $100 million, subject to the availability of appropriated funds, to strengthen the nation's educational capacity in critical minerals and materials.¿ The activities under this anticipated PROSPECT Program support collaborative approaches that strengthen educational pathways across the entire critical minerals and materials value chain—from mineral resource development and extraction through processing, manufacturing, recycling, and related supply chain activities. Specifically, the planned PROSPECT Program would build on existing investments in critical minerals and materials research, development, demonstration, and deployment by ensuring that the United States has the highly skilled workforce needed to support continued innovation and growth across the domestic supply chain.¿ Through collaboration among academia, industry, national laboratories, and other partners, the program is expected to help develop a durable talent pipeline that strengthens U.S. economic competitiveness, energy security, and national security. This Notice of Intent (NOI) is issued so that interested parties are aware of CMEI’s intention to establish this PROSPECT Program in the near term. All the information contained in this NOI is subject to change. CMEI will not respond to questions concerning this NOI. Complete information, including the full Notice of Intent, can be found on the DOE CMEI Funding Opportunities website: https://eere-exchange.energy.gov/.
ROSES 2025: A.17 Hydrosphere
The close date above is the date for the Step-2 proposal due date. The Step-1 proposal due date is October 8, 2026. Step-2 proposals cannot be submitted if a Step-1 proposal was not submitted. NOTICE: Amended September 2, 2026. This amendment adds this new program element to ROSES-2025. Step-1 proposals are due October 8, 2026, and Step-2 proposals are due January 28, 2027. Any proposal not preceded by an on-time compliant Step-1 proposal will be returned without review. A briefing for potential proposers to this program element will occur Monday, September 14, from 2-3 PM Eastern Time. Connection information will be posted under "other documents" on the NSPIRES page for this program element. Proposals submitted to this program will be evaluated using dual anonymous peer review, see Section 8.2 of this program element. The Scientific/Technical/Management section of proposals is limited to 10 pages. Proposers to this program element are strongly encouraged to use the optional Earth Science Division template for the required summary table of work effort at https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/templates-for-earth-science-division-appendix-a-roses-proposals. This synopsis is a generic summary that is posted for each of the many individual "program elements" in NASA’s Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) – 2025 solicitation. For specific information on this particular program element download and read the PDF of the text of this program element by going to Tables 2 or 3 of ROSES at https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table2 and https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table3, respectively, click the title of the program element of interest, a hypertext link will take you to a page for that particular program element. On that page, on the right side under "Announcement Documents" the link on the bottom will be to the PDF of the text of the call for proposals. For example, if one were interested in the Solar System Sc